Infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility affects millions of people – and has an impact on their families and communities.
In the male reproductive system, infertility is most caused by problems in the ejection of semen, absence or low levels of sperm, or abnormal shape (morphology) and movement (motility) of the sperm. In the female reproductive system, infertility may be caused by a range of abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the endocrine system, among others.
Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved.
We will review your medical history, current medications, sexual history, and sex behaviors, such as how frequently you have sex, to determine whether you are infertile. Men will commonly receive a sperm analysis, which checks the sperm's health, along with a physical examination. A medical history and physical examination, which includes a pelvic exam, are the first steps in testing for women. The doctor then checks to see if they are routinely ovulating and that their ovaries are secreting eggs. Hormone levels are assessed using blood testing. A specific X-ray test can check the uterus and fallopian tubes, and ultrasound can look at the ovaries and uterus. Depending upon the cause of infertility appropriate management is advised.